The Notebooks of Leonardo Da Vinci Complete


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proportion as the eye is more natural and nearer to the plane, and  
as the part of the plane on which it is figured is farther from the  
eye.  
And let this plane be d e on which are seen 3 equal circles which  
are beyond this plane d e, that is the circles a b c. Now you  
see that the eye h sees on the vertical plane the sections of the  
images, largest of those that are farthest and smallest of the  
nearest.  
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08.  
Here follows what is wanting in the margin at the foot on the other  
side of this page.  
Natural perspective acts in a contrary way; for, at greater  
distances the object seen appears smaller, and at a smaller distance  
the object appears larger. But this said invention requires the  
spectator to stand with his eye at a small hole and then, at that  
small hole, it will be very plain. But since many (men's) eyes  
endeavour at the same time to see one and the same picture produced  
by this artifice only one can see clearly the effect of this  
perspective and all the others will see confusion. It is well  
therefore to avoid such complex perspective and hold to simple  
perspective which does not regard planes as foreshortened, but as  
much as possible in their proper form. This simple perspective, in  
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